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Foster Care and AdoptionGLOSSARYDirect-consent adoption The instance in which birth parents identify, before the birth, the person(s) to whom they will release the child for adoption.Foster care Temporary full-time care of children by person(s) other than their parents.Michigan Adoption Resource Exchange (M.A.R.E.) An organization that tracks adoption-eligible permanent court and state wards with special needs, produces a monthly photo book and maintains a Web site featuring children in state care who are awaiting adoption, and recruits families for children with special needs.Open adoption The instance in which the biological and adoptive parents know one another and may maintain some form of contact after the adoption.Relative care/adoption The care or adoption of a child by an adult who, by marriage, blood, or adoption, is the child's relative (e.g., grandparent, sibling, step sibling, uncle, aunt); also called kinship care/adoption).Special-needs children Children who have physical, emotional, or mental impairments often resulting from abuse or neglect.Voluntary-release adoption The instance in which a child's birth parents release the child to a private adoption agency, and s/he is adopted from the agency.BACKGROUNDFoster Care[APRIL 1, 2002] When children must be removed from their own home, the state may place them temporarily in family foster care. Foster care can be necessary for various reasons, such as when a child's family is unable or unwilling to provide minimum care and supervision, when there are safety concerns attributable to abuse or neglect, or when parental rights are terminated. During the 1960s, growing awareness of child abuse/neglect led to (1) public financial support for children in foster care and (2) mandates that various professionals who have contact with children (e.g., doctors, teachers) must report suspicions of abuse/neglect to the authorities. The latter led to increased knowledge of instances of abuse/neglect and resulted in more children being placed in foster care. Nationwide, the most recent data say that on September 30, 1999,
In the 1980s state policy—through federal funding incentives and legislation enacted to comply with federal requirements—was to make a “reasonable effort” to keep children with their families, avoiding the necessity of foster placement when possible and shortening the length of stay when it was not. When children could not be safely returned to their family, states were encouraged (as they are now) to facilitate the children's adoption. For several years, family preservation and reunification took precedence over other child-welfare concerns, but this has changed in light of (1) too many instances of continued maltreatment and even death among children returned to their family and (2) harm done to children languishing in the foster-care system, which frequently involves a child being in a number of foster-care placements. In Michigan, the landmark report of the Children's Commission (Binsfeld Commission, 1995) and the annual reports of the state Office of Children's Ombudsman scrutinized the workings of the Michigan child-welfare system and proposed changes that led to a considerable body of legislation making the safety and best interests of children (often preservation of the family unit) the primary goals of the system. Among the changes that affect foster care are reforms that
In 1998 the FIA began intensive caseworker education that includes specific training on foster care, kinship care, and adoption. More recently, the FIA and the State Court Administrative Office have jointly sponsored similar training for judges, attorneys, court personnel, and additional FIA staff. Since 2000 the family court must conduct a permanency planning hearing within one year after the FIA first files a petition to terminate parental rights; if the parent is found to have abused the child, parental rights may be terminated immediately and the hearing must occur within 28 days after the petition. The court must then review the progress of the child towards permanency every 90 days. In 2000 about 19,500 Michigan children were in 8,201 licensed foster-care homes and 3,422 kinship homes. Foster parents receive a basic-care allowance of $14 a day for children aged birth–12 and $17.30 for older children; additional funds are paid for medically fragile children. To date, the recent budget cutting does not affect funds for foster care or adoption. The 2000 FIA Supervising Agency “report card” on the FIA and private child-placing agencies finds that the average length of time from termination of parental rights to adoption is about 13 months for children aged under 14 and about 24 months for older children. About 46 percent of children in foster care have had more than one caseworker, and 5 percent have had four or more. Among the several nonprofit organizations concerned with foster-care issues are the three large groups listed here.
AdoptionThe various kinds of adoption are defined in the glossary. In 1999, 36,000 children were adopted nationwide—64 percent by their foster parents, 15 percent by relatives, and 21 percent by nonrelatives—and 10,000 more were waiting. The number of Michigan adoptions climbed appreciably after (1) passage of the federal Adoption and Safe Families Act in 1997, which provides funding incentives to states for increasing adoptions; (2) further federal legislation that prohibits delaying or denying foster or adoptive placement on the basis of the child's or foster/adoptive parent's race or ethnicity; and (3) the passage in Michigan of the “Binsfeld legislation,” which, among other measures, makes it easier than before to terminate parental rights and begin the adoption process. From 1997 to 1999, Michigan adoptions rose by 18 percent, or nearly 330 children (due in part to enabling foster parents to adopt more quickly than before and also to increased publicity about available children); this qualified the FIA for nearly $1 million in federal awards, more than half of which the FIA passed on to adoption agencies for post-adoptive services. In Michigan in fiscal year 2000–01, more than 2,900 adoptions were finalized, of which more than half were placed by private agencies. Exhibit 1 presents the statistical breakdown of these 2,900 children. In its March 2002 monthly issue, the Michigan Adoption Resource Exchange, which promotes the adoption of state wards with physical, mental, or emotional problems, lists 427 children available for adoption. Exhibit 2 presents the statistical breakdown of these children. Michigan, which allows an income tax credit for adoption expenses, is among the leaders in placing special-needs children in permanent homes. Michigan law permits certain information to be released to and about an adopted adult (that is, an adopted child who has reached adulthood).
DISCUSSIONWith the shift to measuring child welfare by the yardstick of safety, permanency, and well-being for the child, all decisions concerning placement in foster care or adoption are guided by the best interest of the child. This emphasis exacerbates an already severe shortage of foster families. Of particular difficulty is placing special-needs children, minorities, older children, and sibling groups of two or more. The foster-home shortage is aggravated by the proliferation of two-income families, the mounting number of single-parent homes, a rise in substance abuse, the aging of current foster parents, and the many foster parents who adopt their charges (60–70 percent) and drop out of the foster-care network. Eighty percent of foster-home placement changes occur at the request of the foster parents, who cite the fatigue and complexity of caring for special-needs children, the lack of adequate support and training for their role, financial reimbursement that does not always cover care, and the sometimes poor relationship between families and social workers. These placement changes mean that the children involved—frequently those who most need stability—are being shuttled from one placement to another. Meeting the needs of foster parents and children is considered crucial to retaining capable foster parents and promoting placement permanency. Pending legislation (HB 5242) would establish foster- and adoptive-care resource centers. For foster parents, the centers would coordinate much-needed respite care for them, assist them in obtaining daycare for their charges, and help agencies to retain foster parents. Other measures pending would
For adoptive parents, the resource centers would address the need for more post-adoption support that was borne out by a 1999 statewide survey of 638 adoptive families involving 1,350 adopted children. Nearly one of four families report needing post-adoption services it did not receive, including counseling and support groups for parents, children, and adolescents, respite care, and such education support as tutoring. More than one-third of the families report facing a behavioral emergency (e.g., an arrest) with one or more of their adopted children and finding nowhere to go. Half of the families did use available post-adoption support and report that special education services are the most helpful, followed by support groups for parents and psychological counseling. In 2000, new federal and state funds addressed some of these needs. Other measures pending relating to adoption would make it a misdemeanor to intentionally misidentify a man as a biological father in order to deceive in an adoption proceeding and prohibit consideration of age in prospective adoptive parents. One area that concerns child-welfare advocates is the need for more spending for subsidies to parents of adopted special-needs children. The subsidy currently is $14–33 a day, depending on the child's age and need at adoption, and is locked in—regardless of whether the child's problems diminish or worsen—until the child is aged 18. Because Michigan has been successful in securing adoptive homes for these children, subsidy spending has risen steadily, to $161 million in 2001; the subsidy caseload was more than 20,400 at the end of 2001 and is expected to exceed 24,000 by 2003. Supporters of at least maintaining the subsidy, if not raising it, make two points: (1) A subsidy is necessary to achieve a permanent home for many children because of the expense of raising a special-needs child (60 percent of families who adopt a special-needs child have an annual income under $40,000); and (2) many special-needs children are adopted by their foster parents, and if the adoption subsidy falls below or becomes more uncertain than the foster care subsidy, these families will opt not to adopt. Some suggest that part of the expense of raising the subsidy could be offset by lowering or terminating it for parents of children whose medical, physical, or emotional problems have diminished or disappeared before they reach 18. Similarly, care by relatives is a desired option for children needing out-of-home placement, but only under certain conditions are kinship homes paid the same amount as licensed foster homes. Some relatives of modest means are willing to care for a child but unwilling to go through the process of becoming a licensed foster home, which involves numerous training hours, background checks, and sometimes housing alterations. See also Children's Early Education and Care; Domestic Violence; Youth at Risk. Research on this policy topic was made possible by a grant from The Skillman Foundation. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONChild and Family Services Administration Child Welfare League of America Michigan Adoption Resource Exchange Michigan Federation of Private Child and Family Agencies Michigan Foster and Adoptive Family Association 
CONTENT CURRENT AS OF APRIL 1,
2002
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